For a long time, many people believed that cannabis was a harmful plant with detrimental effects on health. Such an opinion appeared not only because of widespread recreational use but also due to plenty of misleading stereotypes. Early research suggests that cannabis may help with many conditions, from depression, anxiety, nervousness, migraine and insomnia to epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, and cancer. There are two key strains in the cannabis world that you need to know – Sativa and Indica. These strains of cannabis plants can also be blended to create hybrid marijuana varieties. Each type of cannabis has its spectrum of effects on the body and brain and a wide range of medicinal benefits. So which one is for you? Read on to find out more.
Understanding the basics
The words “Indica” and “Sativa” are used to describe different types of cannabis, introduced in the 18th century, a long time before “pot” misconceptions appeared. The term Sativa, named by Carl Linnaeus, described plants found in Europe and western Eurasia, where they were cultivated to create tissue and seeds. Indica was called by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, who discovered this type in India, where it was bred to produce seeds, hashish and fibre.
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It’s possible to differentiate between sativa and indica by their appearance and habitats. The leaves of the sativa plant are light green, thin and spiky with jagged edges. Sativa is much closer to the wild type, with perhaps a more powerful look – tall bushes with long stems and sparse branching. The bush reaches 4-5 meters in height in good conditions, and for some unique species, even seven meters or more. The plant is thermophilic and thrives outdoors in subtropical conditions and with sufficient moisture – between 55-65%.
When planting, the plant will benefit from initial replenishment of the soil with nitrogenous, phosphorus and potassium-magnesium fertilisers. Then the bushes are fed at 5-8 weeks of cultivation, and fertilisation is stopped 7-10 days before harvest so that smells and flavours are not mixed with the bouquet of the plant. In regions with a temperate climate, germinated seeds can be planted when the temperature rises to 20 degrees. The plant’s vegetation lasts one and a half months, flowering is delayed for 9-12 weeks, and the flowering plant grows.
Outdoor buds ripen from September to October and need to be collected before frost. The productivity of the bushes depends on the varietal characteristics and varies in the range of 300-700 grams. Mature buds are oblong, loose, with a robust herbaceous aroma. The flavour characteristics of the varieties are amazingly varied and depend on the type – from sweet fruit and berry to acrid musky.
Indica is smaller than sativa, the height of an adult plant rarely exceeds 1–2 meters. Indoor dwarf varieties grow up to 70cm and thrive in grow boxes, a compact indica root system that easily tolerates tight planting. In general, indica grows in width: the bushes branch well, forming a lush spreading crown. Indica leaves are dark, broad and rounded with smooth edges.
Germinated seeds can be planted outdoors in warm weather. Indica hemp easily adapts to the climate of the middle zone and daily temperature extremes; the optimum moisture content for a plant is between 40–60%.
Another plus of this particular sort of cannabis is early maturity. The growing season is from 2 to 4 weeks; during this time, the plant needs to be fed. The flowering period is usually 6–8 weeks; specialised varieties mature in 44 days. The yield of indica hemp is higher than the sowing plant – from 400 to 800 grams.
Large resinous indica buds look tightly knotted and are closely connected to the branches. Often, small leaves are found near the inflorescences. Dried staff draw attention to themselves with a thick, sweetish-sour smell. The taste is usually quite intense, although there are varieties with pleasant fruity notes. If desired, the aroma can be enhanced by reducing the watering a few days before harvest.
But all of these differences and growth patterns are often irrelevant to growers. After all, plants are chosen primarily according to the degree of psychoactivity and the quality of the effect produced. And in this regard, indica and sativa are significantly different from each other.
What else is there behind the appearance of strains?
Research into the effects of marijuana led to the discovery and the synthesis of the primary substances cannabidiol (CBD) in 1963 and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in 1964. Hemp contains over a hundred different cannabinoids, but first, you need to know these two.
THC dominant strains are primarily suitable for those looking for euphoric, antidepressant and analgesic effects as THC is the primary psychoactive compound. Strains with a high THC concentration are usually used for treating pain, anxiety, insomnia, depression. If you are prone to anxiety or dislike other side effects associated with THC, it is best to try strains with higher levels of CBD.
CBD dominant strains contain small amounts of THC and are used primarily for symptomatic relief, with little or no psychedelic effects. Usually, CBD strains favour treating neuropathic pain, light insomnia and anxiety without causing side effects. Also, now CBD is a popular antioxidant, naturally boosting the immune system. The balanced strains are composed of roughly equal amounts of these two cannabinoids, offering mild euphoria along with pain relief.
Terpene profile
Besides differences in the physical appearance and cannabinoid concentrations between indica and sativa, scientists also suggest that they may vary in different concentrations of terpenes, which could be another factor in producing unique effects. Terpenes (or terpenoids) are synthesised in the secretory cells of the cannabis plant, and their production is dependent on exposure to light. Terpenes can be found in unfertilised female plants and protect the plant from pests. Besides protective function, terpenes give particular scents and flavours. However, terpenoids are more than that, being the next significant “cutting edge” in how medical marijuana in particular, impacts certain kinds of health disorders. According to a 2011 study, myrcene, a terpene also found in lemongrass, mango, thyme, cardamon, produces the sedative characteristics of “heavy Indica”. Also, myrcene lowers the resistance across the blood-brain barrier, allowing itself and other chemicals to cross the barrier more efficiently.
The sativa effect: light, peace and love
Cannabis Sativa is often used when you want to cheer up, shake things up and refresh the senses, while indica is the go-to for the long-lasting sedative effect. However, there is a downside to sativa fun – it’s easy to lose control and have too much. THC in high doses may cause severe anxiety and paranoia. It is argued that a bad ‘high’ provokes acute psychosis in people with a hereditary tendency for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and endogenous depression.
In addition, with excessive consumption of recreational cannabis, some weakening of cognitive abilities is noted – the volume of working memory and attention decreases, apathy develops, and academic performance decreases, a chaotic stream of thoughts interferes with building logical connections. In some cases, sleep problems, fatigue, emotional lability and depression have been recorded. Unlike CBD, THC is psychoactive and can change the usual perception of the world. Disinhibition of the limbic centres responsible for emotions enhances the sensory experience. Fortunately, the unpleasant consequences of a prolonged high generally do not require treatment and disappear on their own after one to two months of abstinence. There is also evidence that consumption of CBD balances the effects of THC.
Although, sativa is used primarily for recreational purposes, it has medicinal properties, including:
- Elimination of nausea and vomiting during chemotherapy;
- Antiretroviral therapy;
- Improving appetite and correcting eating disorders;
- Neuroprotective effect and prevention of dementia;
- Decreased convulsions in patients with epilepsy;
- Integration of traumatic experiences in patients with PTSD.
The indica effect: clear mind and bodily bliss
Indica’s action is reminiscent of hatha yoga: it mainly affects the body and purifies the mind through deep relaxation. Euphoria and hallucinations from indica should not be expected, but you can experience a peaceful and sedated state. The sedative effect of small doses of the herb may reduce stress and decrease anxiety and irritability. Still, overuse may cause laziness and apathy, commonly associated with the ‘stoner’ stereotype.
Most varieties of medical cannabis are derived from indica hemp. Due to its high CBD content, it has a wide range of potential properties, including:
- Pain reduction;
- Relieves spasms and normalises muscle tone;
- Prevents seizures;
- Suppresses inflammatory processes;
- Reduces oxidative stress;
- Accelerates wound healing;
- Improves sleep and appetite;
- Awakens sensuality and enhances libido.
As one of the top cannabis researchers, Ethan B. Russo states that the mild sedative effects of CBD and the absence of severe side effects make it possible to view indiсa as a gentle alternative. Many traditions believe that the indica herb develops awareness by tracing the origins of thoughts and emotions from the outside. In body-oriented psychotherapy, cannabis is used as an adjunct in treating psychosomatic illnesses and the processing of repressed experiences. Indica use in conjunction with other practices may help establish contact with your body, learn to understand your body and find socially acceptable ways to express your feelings.
The entourage effect
The term “entourage effect” was introduced by Dr Ethan Russo in the British Journal of Pharmacology, which described the synergy of all compounds from cannabis, where some of them might not be typically present in “CBD-only” products. Russo has also suggested that cannabinoid-terpenoid interactions could bring even bigger benefits than cannabinoids alone. However, more research is required. For now, let’s get clear on how well-known cannabis compounds affect our bodies?
Both phytocannabinoids, CBD and THC, affect internal processes through interaction with the Endocannabinoid system (ECS). It was discovered in the 1990s as a complex network of special receptors (CB1 and CB2) and cannabis-like chemicals called endocannabinoids(endo stands for inner body chemicals) like anandamide and 2-arachidonylglycerol. These two vital natural players are responsible for maintaining balance in our body and mind- from a sleep cycle, mood, appetite and general well-being (S Ben-Shabat, European Journal of Pharmacology). In normal conditions, enough endocannabinoids are produced, but any deficits can be regulated with the help of cannabis-derived compounds found in cannabis.
Research behind cannabinoids
Pain
CBD has over 65 different targets in the brain and body, working on many receptors and other areas to alter the messages that neuron cells send to each other. Suppose a signal of pain is passed from one cell to another. In that case, CBD can block or weaken that message,” says Bonni Goldstein, MD, medical director of Canna-Centers, a California-based medical practice dedicated to patients who use cannabis for severe or chronic diseases. A 2017 review shows data from 11 randomised controlled trials with 1,219 patients, where CBD helped with chronic neuropathic pain. Another 2020 review reports that CBD and THC have benefits for relieving chronic pain, simultaneously improving sleep and reducing inflammation.
A 2017 study of patients aged 2 to 46 years with treatment-resistant epilepsy found that 86% of patients experienced a decrease in seizures after consuming various formulations of traditional CBD and CBD containing small amounts of THC. Of the participants, 10% reported that they were free of attacks. Another small 2018 study found that children taking a daily dose of 20 mg/kg CBD oil saw a significant reduction in seizure frequency compared to placebo.
Anxiety
A small 2011 study of patients with a social anxiety disorder (SAD) found that 600 mg of CBD significantly reduced anxiety, psychological discomfort, and cognitive impairment when patients were exposed to stressful situations such as public speaking. Scientists found that CBD affects the brain in several ways, including boosting brain chemicals that reduce anxiety and targeting mood-related serotonin receptors.
Nausea
The researchers suggested that cannabis users start using a particular application through which they had to communicate what canna products they use and what symptoms they hope to alleviate, and then describe their feelings in real-time. The study involved 886 people who sent 2220 reports from June 2016 to July 2019. The results of a study analysing these reports were published in April in the Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology.
Opioid addiction
However, probably one of the most significant advantages of cannabis is that it is much safer than opiate pain relievers, which are highly addictive and can potentially result in a dangerous overdose. As the report by Camille Stewart, 2020 states, cannabis can aid in reducing opioid and benzodiazepine dependence.
How to choose a strain
Making the right choice on cannabis product or strain can seem intimidating and challenging, but if you keep in mind these simple suggestions, you should be able to find something that works for you:
- Decide what specific mood or effect you want? Start there. If you’re hoping for a particular experience (like you want to relax and watch Netflix) or you aim to treat insomnia or nausea.
- Don’t be limited by choosing “only indica or sativa”. Remember that not all indicas make you feel sleepy or heavy, and not all sativas are energetic and stimulating. For example, sativa with low levels of THC and high levels of CBD might actually be a better fit. Return to the first point and start with the mood or effect you’re either trying to achieve or want to avoid at the particular moment. You may end up with a surprisingly great match, regardless of whether it’s an indica or sativa!
- When it comes to strain potency, be aware of your tolerance. Cannabis growing advancements and crossbreeding today are still developing, so there are plenty of options to find a very potent THC powerhouse. If your tolerance and weight/metabolism factors are not accustomed to high levels of THC, there is a big chance you will experience uncomfortable adverse effects. A strain containing a more considerable percentage of THC might not be as enjoyable to you as one with, let say, 16% THC or the balanced THC/CBD variety that provides 10% of each cannabinoid. There’s no shame in favouring a lower THC percentage because you’re trying to find the right level and achieving your ideal experience.
- Keep track of what you like/don’t like while exploring strains. While trying new strains, you can understand better what works for you the best and what effects you don’t want to have again.
- Speak with your healthcare provider. If you have any existing medical conditions or are currently taking medication, you should talk to your doctor first before trying cannabis. They can assist you with options that complement your current medical/health regimen or advise you not to take cannabis at all.
So before exploring the cannabis world and giving yourself a new sensual experience, it is essential to be aware of the potential side effects of both CBD and THC in strains. It’s important to remember that you can be affected in different ways and that what one person feels might not be the same for you. While CBD only has minor side effects, THC can have major effects and is legal in the UK at quantities over 1mg. Such a low concentration isn’t sufficient to cause high effects in users. With CBD, it’s advised to start with a low dose and increase gradually. If you notice any side effects, reduce the amount or stop taking products for a few days.
However, any product can cause side effects, varying not only from the amount and concentration of your product and also your metabolism, weight and genetics. More severe side effects, which were already discussed in the article are caused by THC, but still there are some occasional CBD adverse effects that you should be aware of:
Dry mouth
While the chances are low, CBD may cause dry mouth, so don’t forget to stay hydrated.
Dizziness
It is often caused by a drop in blood pressure when high doses of CBD are taken. However, this effect is temporary and can usually be reversed with rest.
Drowsiness
It has been suggested that CBD is a wakefulness-inducing agent. However, at higher doses, CBD can affect people in different ways and cause drowsiness. Such side effects are more commonly observed in cases of indica consumption.
Besides minor side effects, it is essential to understand a few limitations regarding cannabis consumption. For instance, in 2020, Daniel J. Corsi and his team researched the impact of marijuana on pregnant women who use it. The results showed that children who were prenatally exposed to cannabis had a 50% increased risk of being diagnosed with autism and significantly increased risk of developing attention deficit disorder (ADHD), mental retardation and learning disabilities than children not exposed to such conditions. Despite this, in their report, the scientists emphasise that care must be taken to interpret the results since the statistics are not high enough to identify a direct pattern.
Also, another cannabis precaution is the age of a consumer; more specifically, is it safe for children? The most comprehensive information about the safety of medical cannabis in children comes from the research into Epidiolex as an anti-seizure treatment for children in rare cases of epilepsy. According to the WHO, CBD, the main component of Epidiolex, is well-tolerated even at high doses and can not cause severe or fatal effects. However, the situation is not the same with THC consumption. In some cases, uncontrolled use of THC-dominant strains can impact memory, mood, behavioural changes, appetite, and sporadic cases, leading to psychosis in young, immature minds.
As cannabis consumption becomes more mainstream and support for legalising marijuana becomes more acceptable, the idea of “Indica or Sativa” has become more apparent. Hopefully, a wide variety of products containing cannabinoids and terpenes that give cannabis their beneficial effects will become more of a mainstay in the medical field, bringing a solution rather than risk.
Anastasiia Myronenko
Anastasiia Myronenko is a Medical Physicist actively practicing in one of the leading cancer centers in Kyiv, Ukraine. She received her master’s degree in Medical Physics at Karazin Kharkiv National University and completed Biological Physics internship at GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Germany. Anastasiia Myronenko specializes in radiation therapy and is a fellow of Ukrainian Association of Medical Physicists.